Atuação do conselho nacional de saúde frente à pandemia de covid-19: uma análise documental / Performance of the National Health Council in the face of the covid-19 pandemic: a documentary analysis / Desempeño del Consejo Nacional de Salud ante la pandemia de covid-19: un análisis documental

Introdução:A legislação do Sistema Único de Saúde confere aos Conselhos de Saúde, enquanto órgãos colegiados deliberativos, a competência para fiscalizar as ações de saúde e deliberar sobre as temáticas de interesse da gestão em saúde e do controle social.Objetivo:Analisar a atuação do Conselho Nacional de Saúde no enfrentamento à pandemia de COVID-19.Metodologia:Trata-se de uma análise documental, de natureza descritiva e com abordagem qualitativa, realizada entre outubro e novembro de 2021. Os atos normativos foram recuperados do sitedo Conselho Nacional de Saúde e analisados à luz do referencial teórico-metodológico da Análise de Conteúdo.Resultados:Entre 86 atos normativos expedidos pelo Conselho Nacional de Saúde, 20 foram incluídos no estudo por apresentarem relação direta com as medidas de enfrentamento à emergência de saúde pública de importância internacional provocada pelo vírus SARS-COV-2. A partir do teor e das aproximações temáticas dos documentos selecionados, eles foram organizados em três categorias: Atenção à Saúde; Gestão Orçamentária e Financeira; e Saúde e Segurança nos Serviços de Saúde.Conclusões:Apesar da não observância da edição de resoluções, instrumento com maior poder de vinculação ao ato do gestor da saúde, restringindo-se a emissão de recomendações, o Conselho Nacional de Saúde desenvolveu seu papel institucional e político, necessário na atual conjuntura, principalmente num cenário que ao longo dos últimos anos vem mitigando a legitimidade dos espaços de controle e participação social no Brasil (AU).

Introduction:The legislation of the Unified Health System grants the Health Councils, as deliberative collegiate bodies, the competence to supervise health actions and deliberate on topics of interest to health management and social control.Objective:To analyze the performance of the National Health Council in coping with the COVID-19 pandemic.Methodology:This is a documentary analysis, with a descriptive nature and a qualitative approach, carried out between October and November 2021. The normative acts were retrieved from the website of the National Health Council and analyzed in the light of the theoretical-methodological framework of Content Analysis.Results:Among 86 normative acts issued by the National Health Council, 20 were included in the study because they were directly related to measures to cope with the public health emergency of international importance caused by the SARS-COV-2 virus. Based on the content and thematic approaches of the selected documents, they were organized into three categories: Health Care; Budget and Financial Management; and Health and Safety in Health Services.Conclusions:Despite the non-compliance with the issue of resolutions, an instrument with greater power of linking to the act of the health manager, restricting the issuing of recommendations, the National Health Council has developed its institutional andpolitical role, necessary in the current situation, mainly in a scenario that over the last few years has been mitigating the legitimacy of spaces for social control and participation in Brazil (AU).

Introducción: La legislación del Sistema Único de Salud otorga a los Consejos de Salud, como órganos colegiados deliberativos, la competencia para inspeccionar las acciones de salud y deliberar sobre los temas de interés de la gestión en salud y el control social. Objetivo: Analizar el desempeño del Consejo Nacional de Salud en el enfrentamiento de la pandemia de COVID-19. Metodología: Se trata de un análisis documental, de carácter descriptivo y con enfoque cualitativo, efectuado entre octubre y noviembre de 2021. Los actos normativos fueron recuperados del sitio web del Consejo Nacional de Salud y analizados a la luz del marco teórico-metodológico del Análisis de Contenido. Resultados: De los 86 actos normativos emitidos por elConsejo Nacional de Salud, 20 fueron incluidos en el estudio porque estaban directamente relacionados con las medidas para enfrentar la emergencia de salud pública de relevancia internacional provocada por el virus SARS-COV-2. Con base en el contenido y las aproximaciones temáticas de los documentos seleccionados, estos fueron organizados en tres categorías: Atención a la Salud; Gestión Presupuestaria y Financiera; y Salud y Seguridad en los Servicios de Salud.Conclusiones: A pesar del incumplimiento en relación con la edición de las resoluciones, un instrumento con mayor poder para vincular el acto del gestor de la salud, limitándose a emitir recomendaciones, el Consejo Nacional de Salud ha desarrollado su rol institucional y político, necesario en la situación actual, especialmente en un escenario que en los últimos años ha mitigado la legitimidad de los espacios de control y participación social en Brasil (AU).

Clinical pharmaceutical services of primary health care of the Federal District: A discussion based on the SWOT matrix

Abstract In the epistemic field, several studies demonstrate the importance of pharmaceutical services in health care networks. Nonetheless, literature still addresses the strengths and barriers present in the provision of these services in an incipient way. Thus, this study aimed to understand these contexts in the development of clinical services for primary health care in the Federal District, Brazil. A qualitative study adopted the technique of open-script interview, structured based on the logic of the SWOT matrix. Pharmacists reported weaknesses such as precariousness and scarcity of physical infrastructure, material, and human resources. As threats, they discussed the lack of social recognition, discontinuities of government actions, and lack of preparation of the pharmacist for the provision of clinical services. Regarding themes pertaining to the service's strengths and opportunities, the advances in propositions and executions of public policies, actions, and governmental programs that have expanded the pharmaceutical workforce in primary care and that are impelling the accomplishment of clinical services were listed. This study contributes to understanding the scenario of the development of clinical pharmaceutical services, and consequently provides subsidies for the actions of planning, evaluation and qualification of health services.

Medical abortion offered in pharmacy versus clinic-based settings.

BACKGROUND: Medical abortion is usually offered in a clinic or hospital, but could potentially be offered in other settings such as pharmacies. In many countries, pharmacies are a common first point of access for women seeking reproductive health information and services. Offering medical abortion through pharmacies is a potential strategy to improve access to abortion. OBJECTIVES: To compare the effectiveness and safety of medical abortion offered in pharmacy settings with clinic-based medical abortion. SEARCH METHODS: We searched CENTRAL, MEDLINE, Embase, four other databases, two trials registries and grey literature websites in November 2020. We also handsearched key references and contacted authors to locate unpublished studies or studies not identified in the database searches. SELECTION CRITERIA: We identified studies that compared women receiving the same regimen of medical abortion or post-abortion care in either a clinic or pharmacy setting. Studies published in any language employing the following designs were included: randomized trials and non-randomized studies including a comparative group. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS: Two review authors independently reviewed both retrieved abstracts and full-text publications. A third author was consulted in case of disagreement. We intended to use the Cochrane risk of bias tool, RoB 2, for randomized studies and used the ROBINS-I tool (Risk Of Bias In Non-randomized Studies of Interventions) to assess risk of bias in non-randomized studies. GRADE methodology was used to assess the certainty of the evidence. The primary outcomes were completion of abortion without additional intervention, need for blood transfusion, and presence of uterine or systemic infection within 30 days of medical abortion. MAIN RESULTS: Our search yielded 2030 records. We assessed a total of 89 full-text articles for eligibility. One prospective cohort study met our inclusion criteria. The included study collected data on outcomes from 605 women who obtained a medical abortion in Nepal from either a clinic or pharmacy setting. Both sites of care were staffed by the same auxiliary nurse midwives. Over all domains, the risk of bias was judged to be low for our primary outcome. During the pre-intervention period, the study's investigators identified a priori appropriate confounders, which were clearly measured and adjusted for in the final analysis. For women who received medical abortion in a pharmacy setting, compared to a clinic setting, there may be little or no difference in complete abortion rates (adjusted risk difference (RD)) 1.5, 95% confidence interval (CI) -0.8 to 3.8; 1 study, 600 participants; low certainty evidence). The study reported no cases of blood transfusion, and a composite outcome, comprised mainly of infection complications, showed there may be little or no difference between settings (adjusted RD 0.8, 95% CI -1.0 to 2.8; 1 study, 600 participants; very low certainty evidence). The study reported no events for hospital admission for an abortion-related event or need for surgical intervention, and there may be no difference in women reporting being highly satisfied with the facility where they were seen (38% pharmacy versus 34% clinic, P = 0.87; 1 study, 600 participants; low certainty evidence). AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS: Conclusions about the effectiveness and safety of pharmacy provision of medical abortion are limited by the lack of comparative studies. One study, judged to provide low certainty evidence, suggests that the effectiveness of medical abortion may not be different between the pharmacy and clinic settings. However, evidence for safety is insufficient to draw any conclusions, and more research on factors contributing to potential differences in quality of care is needed. It is important to note that this study included a care model where a clinician provided services in a pharmacy, not direct provision of care by pharmacists or pharmacy staff. Three ongoing studies are potentially eligible for inclusion in review updates. More research is needed because pharmacy provision could expand timely access to medical abortion, especially in settings where clinic services may be more difficult to obtain. Evidence is particularly limited on the patient experience and how the care process and quality of services may differ across different types of settings.

Supply of enteral diets in the Espirito Santo state public health system in Brazil / Suministro de dietas enterales en el sistema público de salud del estado de Espirito Santo en Brasil

BACKGROUND: Brazil includes food as a social right, making the State responsible to the courts for the sufficient and adequate supply of enteral food. OBJECTIVES: to evaluate the supply of enteral diets in pharmacies in the state of Espirito Santo. METHODS: to do this, we used the forms filled out by patients or legal representatives, containing medical records, to analyze the nutritional and social profiles of the users over two years, and the compliance of the administrative processes with the ordinance that instituted enteral food supplies was verified. RESULTS: the sample was comprised of 204 patients receiving enteral nutrition, and the administrative procedures required to supply these patients were surveyed in seven (7/9) pharmacies. The data showed that the most common group was that of women (51 %), who were white (51 %), legally represented (91 %), and 73.5 years old (11 to 109 years). Information regarding missing anthropometric data, use of terms and calculations for obtaining enteral food other than those recommended, incomplete documents, alterations to the physical examinations suggestive of error, and nonobservance of inclusion and exclusion criteria were collected for this study. CONCLUSIONS: this study revealed that there were gaps in the process of enteral diet supply by the Espírito Santo pharmacies, both concerning compliance with the protocol and patient follow-up by the professional who assists both the patient and the pharmacist who provides the input

ANTECEDENTES: Brasil incluyó la alimentación como un derecho social, haciendo que el Estado sea responsable ante los tribunales del suministro suficiente y adecuado de alimentos. OBJETIVOS: evaluar el suministro de dietas enterales en las farmacias estatales de Espírito Santo. MÉTODOS: para hacer esto utilizamos los formularios cumplimentados por los pacientes y representantes legales que contienen registros médicos con el fin de analizar los perfiles nutricionales y sociales de los usuarios durante dos años; además, se verificó el cumplimiento de los procesos administrativos con la ordenanza que instituyó el suministro de alimentos. RESULTADOS: la muestra comprendió 204 pacientes que recibieron nutrición enteral, investigándose los procedimientos administrativos requeridos para suministrar a estos pacientes en siete (7/9) farmacias. Los datos mostraron que el grupo más común era el de mujeres (51 %), de raza blanca (51 %) y representadas legalmente (91 %), de 73,5 años de edad (11 a 109 años). Para este estudio se recopiló información sobre los datos antropométricos faltantes, el uso de términos y cálculos para obtener alimentos distintos a los recomendados, documentos incompletos, alteraciones en los exámenes físicos sugestivos de error y la no observancia de los criterios de inclusión y exclusión. CONCLUSIONES: este estudio reveló que había vacíos en el proceso de suministro de dietas enterales por parte de las farmacias de Espírito Santo en lo que respecta tanto al cumplimiento del protocolo como al seguimiento del paciente por el profesional que lo atiende y el farmacéutico que proporciona la información

THE MOST FAVORED NATIONS MODEL INTERIM FINAL RULE IS FATALLY FLAWED AND MUST BE RESCINDED-YET THE PROBLEM IT ADDRESSES DEMANDS A SOLUTION.

DISCLOSURES: No funding supported the writing of this letter. The author has nothing to disclose.

Toward Multistate Pharmacy Practice: Enhancing Mobility and Portability of Pharmacist Licensure.

Pharmacists are licensed in all 50 states. As society becomes increasingly mobile and interconnected, several models of cross-state pharmacy practice have emerged, straining the current state-based system of licensure. The nursing profession has provided a model for license portability that offers 3 primary advantages over the current pharmacist licensure model while still protecting safety: (1) faster speed, (2) lower cost, and (3) reduced administrative burden. A hybrid approach for the pharmacy profession that builds off of the expedited license transfer model and adds a mutual recognition model is ideal.

Pharmacists' Patient Care Process: State "Scope of Practice" Priorities for Action.

To fully engage in the Pharmacists' Patient Care Process, pharmacists must be able to (1) participate in a Collaborative Practice Agreement, (2) order and interpret laboratory tests, (3) prescribe certain medications, (4) adapt medications, (5) administer medications, and (6) effectively delegate tasks to support staff. Each of these activities is dependent on state scope of practice laws, but these laws are not binary. Various state-level restrictions allow us to view these activities on a continuum from more restrictive to less restrictive. This continuum will allow pharmacy and public health stakeholders to identify priorities for action in their states.

Joint Statement on Pediatric Education at Schools of Pharmacy.

Providing health care for children is a unique specialty, and pediatric patients represent approximately 25% of the population. Education of pharmacy students on patients across the lifespan is required by current Accreditation Council for Pharmacy Education standards and outcomes; thus, it is essential that pharmacy students gain a proficiency in caring for children. A collaborative panel of pediatric faculty members from schools and colleges of pharmacy was established to review the current literature regarding pediatric education in Doctor of Pharmacy curricula and establish updated recommendations for the provision of pediatric pharmacy education. This statement outlines five recommendations supporting inclusion of pediatric content and skills in Doctor of Pharmacy curricula.

Perceptions of the Value of Clinical Pharmacy Medication Review for Women During Early Pregnancy.

BACKGROUND: The benefit of continuing medications to prevent or treat illness is often overlooked, since pregnant women tend to overestimate the teratogenic risk of medications. Pharmacists can serve as a resource to prescribers and pregnant women with their knowledge of the appropriate use and management of medications during pregnancy. Little information exists on the value women place on pharmacists' medication management during pregnancy. OBJECTIVE: To assess pregnant women's perceptions of an ambulatory care clinical pharmacist (CP) medication review service during early pregnancy that provided education regarding the risks and benefits of medication use during pregnancy. METHODS: This was a qualitative study of pregnant women using semistructured telephone interviews performed between December 12, 2018, and January 18, 2019, and conducted in an integrated health care delivery system. Potential participants were identified from CP encounter records. Consented English-speaking women aged ≥ 18 years participated in an up to 30-minute interview within 1 week of the CP encounter. Interviews were professionally transcribed and coded line by line using the constant comparison method with grounded theory used to gain insight into participants' perspectives. RESULTS: 62 women were invited to participate in semistructured telephone interviews of whom 24 (39%) completed the interview. Three main themes emerged from the qualitative analysis: satisfaction with the service, comfort with medication use during pregnancy, and connectedness to the health care team. Overall, the CP medication review and education service was perceived positively by the participants. Participants reported satisfaction in the quality, timeliness, and convenience of the service and found it beneficial to have their medications reviewed early during pregnancy to assist in medication use decisions before their first obstetric visit. CONCLUSIONS: CP medication review provided a comforting, valuable service for women during early pregnancy when medication-taking decisions can feel exigent. DISCLOSURES: This study was funded by Kaiser Permanente. The authors have nothing to disclose. Preliminary results were presented at the Mountain States Conference for Residents and Preceptors, May 2019, in Salt Lake City, UT.

Evaluación positiva de medicamentos: abril, mayo y junio 2020 / Positive assessment of drugs: April, May and June 2020

Se reseñan los medicamentos evaluados y con dictamen positivo por comisión de expertos de la Agencia Española de Medicamentos y Productos Sanitarios o de la Agencia Europea del Medicamento hechos públicos en abril, mayo y junio de 2020, y considerados de mayor interés para el profesional sanitario. Se trata de opiniones técnicas positivas que son previas a la autorización y puesta en el mercado del medicamento

The drugs assessed by the Spanish Agency for Medicines and Health Products or European Medicines Agency made public in April, May and June 2020, and considered of interest to the healthcare professional, are reviewed. These are positive technical reports prior to the authorization and placing on the market of the product

Evaluation of the entrustable professional activities (EPAs) of the population health promoter domain by North Dakota pharmacists

OBJECTIVE: Entrustable Professional Activities (EPAs) are a list of professional tasks (with associated competency ratings) that pharmacy educational organizations support, and accreditation organizations require, for assessment by colleges and schools of pharmacy. This manuscript assesses the perceived frequency of performing EPAs in the population health promoter (PHP) domain among pharmacists practicing in North Dakota. METHODS: This survey assessed the self-reported EPA activities (inclusive of the PHP domain) of registered pharmacists living and practicing in North Dakota. There were 990 pharmacists surveyed, and 457 (46.1%) of pharmacists responded. RESULTS: Within the PHP domain, pharmacists reported performing "Minimize adverse drug events and medication errors" most frequently (mean=3.4, SD=2.0), followed by "Ensure that patients have been immunized against vaccine-preventable diseases" (mean=2.3, SD 2.3), "Maximize the appropriate use of medications in a population" (mean=2.2, SD 2.3), and "Identify patients at risk for prevalent diseases in a population" (mean=1.3, SD=1.9). In these Core EPAs PHP domains, the clinical pharmacists reported the highest level, followed by pharmacy managers and staff pharmacists. CONCLUSION: Pharmacists in North Dakota reported that EPAs in the PHP domain are practiced regularly. Thus, EPAs in the PHP domain have potential as a means to assess outcomes in pharmacy education and practice

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Primary health care policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in Portugal

The central role of the Portuguese National Health Service (P-NHS) guarantees virtually free universal coverage. Key policy papers, such as the National Health Plan and the National Plan for Patient Safety have implications for pharmacists, including an engagement in medicines reconciliation. These primary health care reform, while not explicitly contemplating a role for pharmacists, offer opportunities for the involvement of primary care pharmacists in medicines management. Primary care pharmacists, who as employees of the P-NHS work closely with an interdisciplinary team, have launched a pilot service to manage polypharmacy in people living with multimorbidities, involving potential referral to community pharmacy. Full integration of community pharmacy into primary health care is challenging due to their nature as private providers, which implies the need for the recognition that public and private health sectors are mutually complementary and may maximize universal health coverage. The scope of practice of community pharmacies has been shifting to service provision, currently supported by law and in some cases, including the needle and syringe exchange program and generic substitution, remunerated. Key changes envisaged for the future of pharmacists and their integration in primary care comprise the development and establishment of clinical pharmacy as a specialization area, peer clinician recognition and better integration in primary care teams, including full access to clinical records. These key changes would enable pharmacists to apply their competence in medicines optimization for improved patient outcomes

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Pharmacists' practices for non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing in Mozambique

BACKGROUND: Antibiotics are the most frequently used medicines worldwide with most of the countries defining these as prescription-only medicines. Though, dispensing non-prescribed antibiotics represent one of the chief causal factors to the irrational use of antibiotics that paves the way to the development of antimicrobial resistance. OBJECTIVE: We aimed at describing the practices and the enablers for non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing in Maputo city, Mozambique. METHODS: A qualitative study was conducted, between October 2018 and March 2019, in nine private pharmacies randomly selected across Maputo city. Eighteen pharmacists were contacted and seventeen enrolled through snowball sampling. In-depth interviews were conducted, audiotaped, and transcribed verbatim. Transcripts were coded and analysed though thematic analysis with guidelines from Braun and Clark. The Consolidated Criteria for Reporting Qualitative Studies (COREQ) checklist by (Tong, 2007) was performed. RESULTS: Out of seventeen, fifteen pharmacists admitted non-prescribed dispensing of antibiotics. Common antibiotic dispensing practices included; dispensing without prescription, without asking for a brief clinical history of patients, without clear explanation of the appropriate way of administering, without advising on the side effects. Reasons for non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing are linked to patients' behaviour of demanding for non-prescribed antibiotics, to the patients expectations and beliefs on the healing power of antibiotics, to the physicians' prescribing practices. Other reasons included the pressure for profits from the pharmacy owners, the fragile law enforcement, and absence of accountability mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS: The practices of non-prescribed antibiotic dispensing characterize the 'daily life' of the pharmacists. On the one hand, the patient's demand for antibiotics without valid prescriptions, and pharmacist's wish to assist based on their role in the pharmacy, the pressure for profits and on the understanding of the larger forces driving the practices of self-medication with antibiotics - rock. On the other hand, pharmacists are aware of the legal status of antibiotics and the public health consequences of their inappropriate dispensing practices and their professional and ethical responsibility for upholding the law - hard place. Highlighting the role of pharmacists and their skills as health promotion professionals is needed to optimizing antibiotic dispensing and better conservancy in Mozambique

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Clinical pharmacists' interventions in the management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review

BACKGROUND: Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that is reaching epidemic proportions worldwide. It is imperative to adopt an integrated strategy, which involves a close collaboration between the patient and a multidisciplinary team of which pharmacists should be integral elements. OBJECTIVE: This work aims to identify and summarize the main effects of interventions carried out by clinical pharmacists in the management of patients with type 2 diabetes, considering clinical, humanistic and economic outcomes. METHODS: PubMed and Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials were searched for randomized controlled trials assessing the effectiveness of such interventions compared with usual care that took place in hospitals or outpatient facilities. RESULTS: This review included 39 studies, involving a total of 5,474 participants. Beneficial effects were observed on various clinical outcomes such as glycemia, blood pressure, lipid profile, body mass index and coronary heart disease risk. For the following parameters, the range for the difference in change from baseline to final follow-up between the intervention and control groups was: HbA1c, -0.05% to -2.1%; systolic blood pressure, +3.45 mmHg to -10.6 mmHg; total cholesterol, +10.06 mg/dL to -32.48 mg/dL; body mass index, +0.6 kg/m2 to -1.94 kg/m2; and coronary heart disease risk, -3.0% and -12.0% (among the studies that used Framinghan prediction method). The effect on medication adherence and health-related quality of life was also positive. In the studies that performed an economic evaluation, the interventions proved to be economically viable. CONCLUSIONS: These findings support and encourage the integration of clinical pharmacists into multidisciplinary teams, underlining their role in improving the management of type 2 diabetes

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Pharmacist's attitudes and knowledge of pharmacogenomics and the factors that may predict future engagement

BACKGROUND: While pharmacists are well positioned to implement pharmacogenomic testing in healthcare systems, uptake has been limited. OBJECTIVE: The primary objective of this survey was to determine how post-graduate education and training influences pharmacist's knowledge and attitudes of pharmacogenomic testing. METHODS: Survey questions were developed by the study team, and responses were collected electronically using REDCapTM. The electronic survey was sent to all pharmacists (n=161) within a large, multi-state healthcare system by email. RESULTS: A total of 75 (47%) respondents completed all aspects of the survey. The majority of respondents were female (60%), worked in acute care settings (57%), were full-time employees (80%), and worked in an urban area (85%), with many graduating in or after 2010 (43%). For post-graduate education, 36% of respondents completed a Post-Graduate Year One Residency (PGY-1), and 27% had a board certification. Those that completed a PGY-1 residency were significantly more likely to have received formal training or education on pharmacogenomics than those who had not. They also assessed their own knowledge of pharmacogenomic resources and guidelines higher than those without PGY-1 training. More recent graduates were also significantly more likely to have received formal training or education on pharmacogenomics. Additionally, pharmacists who completed a PGY-1 residency were more likely to respond favorably to pharmacogenomics being offered through pharmacy services. Pharmacists with board certification were more comfortable interpreting results of a pharmacogenomic test than those without board certification. CONCLUSIONS: Pharmacists who have completed a PGY-1 residency or received board certification appear more comfortable with interpretation and implementation of pharmacogenomic testing

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Primary healthcare policy and vision for community pharmacy and pharmacists in the United States

The United States (US) has a complex healthcare system with a mix of public, private, nonprofit, and for-profit insurers, healthcare institutions and organizations, and providers. Unlike other developed countries, there is not a single payer healthcare system or a national pharmaceutical benefits scheme/plan. Despite spending over USD 10,000 per capita in healthcare, the US is among the worst performers compared to other developed countries in outcomes including life expectancy at birth, infant mortality, safety during childbirth, and unmanaged chronic conditions (e.g., asthma, diabetes). Primary care is delivered by physicians and advanced practice providers (i.e., nurse practitioners and physician assistants) in a variety of settings including large health systems, federally qualified health centers or free clinics that provide care to the underserved, or specific facilities for veterans or American Indian and Alaska native peoples. Since 2010, primary care delivery has shifted toward providing patient-centered, coordinated, comprehensive care focused on providing proactive, rather than reactive, population health management, and on the quality, versus volume, of care. Community pharmacy comprises a mix of independently owned, chain, supermarket and mass merchant pharmacies. Community pharmacies provide services such as immunizations, medication therapy management, medication packaging, medication synchronization, point-of-care testing and, in specific states where legislation has been passed, hormonal contraception, opioid reversal agents, and smoking cessation services. There has been criticism regarding the lack of standard terminology for services such as medication synchronization and medication therapy management, their components and how they should be provided, which hampers comparability across studies. One of the main challenges for pharmacists in the US is the lack of provider status at the federal level. This means that pharmacists are not allowed to use existing fee-for-service health insurance billing codes to receive reimbursement for non-dispensing services. In addition, despite there being regulatory infrastructure in multiple states, the extent of service implementation is either low or unknown. Research found that pharmacists face numerous barriers when providing some of these services. State fragmentation and the lack of a single pharmacy organization and vision for the profession are additional challenges

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Student pharmacists' role in enhancing ambulatory care pharmacy practice

With a primary care physician shortage, utilization of pharmacists in the ambulatory care setting has proven to have positive economic and clinical outcomes for the practice and for patients. To extend the reach of the pharmacists, students may assist with patient care activities, such as medication reconciliation, point-of-care testing, and counseling. Evidence has shown that students benefit in building confidence, as well as improved perceptions of interprofessional care, while positive patient outcomes are maintained. There are many methods for schools to integrate these experiences early into their curriculum, as well as for students to explore opportunities on their own

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Different models of pharmaceutical services and care in primary healthcare clinics in the Eastern Cape, South Africa: Challenges and opportunities for pharmacy practice.

BACKGROUND: Primary health care (PHC) re-engineering forms a crucial part of South Africa's National Health Insurance (NHI), with pharmaceutical services and care being crucial to treatment outcomes. However, owing to a shortage of pharmacists within PHC clinics, task-shifting of the dispensing process to pharmacist's assistants and nurses is common practice. The implications of this task-shifting process on the provision of pharmaceutical services and care remains largely unstudied. AIM: The study aimed to explore the pharmacist-based, pharmacist's assistant-based and nurse-based dispensing models within the PHC setting. SETTING: The Nelson Mandela Bay Health District, South Africa. METHODS: A mixed methods approach was utilised comprising of Phase 1: a pharmaceutical services audit to analyse pharmaceutical service provision and Phase 2: semi-structured interviews to describe the pharmaceutical care provision within each dispensing model thematically. RESULTS: Pharmaceutical services partially fulfilled minimum standards within all models, however, challenges exist that limit the quality of these services. Phase 2 showed that the provision of pharmaceutical care within all models was restricted by context-related constraints, thus patient-centred activities to underpin pharmaceutical services were limited. CONCLUSION: Although pharmaceutical services may have been available for all models, compromised quality of these services impacted overall quality of care. Limited pharmaceutical care provision was evident within each dispensing model. The results raised concerns about the current utilisation of pharmacy personnel, including the pharmacist, within the PHC setting. Further opportunities exist, if constraints allow, for the pharmacist to contribute to better patient-centred care.

Una nueva definición y reenfoque de la atención farmacéutica: el Documento de Barbate / A new definition and refocus of pharmaceutical care: the Barbate Document

OBJETIVO: Proponer una definición actualizada de atención farmacéutica, basada en el modelo capacidad-motivación-oportunidad (CMO), así como los elementos clave y las actividades óptimas para su desarrollo que garanticen los más altos niveles de calidad y excelencia en esta actividad profesional. MÉTODO: Se constituyó un grupo de trabajo compuesto por miembros de la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria y farmacéuticos de diferentes ámbitos asistenciales. Se realizó una revisión bibliográfica en PubMed sobre la evidencia científica disponible acerca de modelos de atención farmacéutica y actividades con mayor impacto y facilidad de implantación. Se elaboró una propuesta de definición y se extrajeron las iniciativas elegidas como elementos clave, distribuyéndolas en cada pilar del modelo propuesto. Tras unificar un primer listado de actividades y términos, el grupo de trabajo revisó y realizó correcciones o propuso nuevas actividades. Se consensuaron, adicionalmente, las definiciones de los tres elementos clave del modelo CMO: capacidad-motivación-oportunidad. El borrador final fue enviado a las diferentes sociedades científicas, farmacéuticas y médicas, así como a las asociaciones de pacientes con las que la Sociedad Española de Farmacia Hospitalaria tiene convenio de colaboración, a fin de incorporar nuevas sugerencias y aportaciones antes del consenso final. RESULTADOS: La definición de atención farmacéutica consensuada fue "La actividad profesional por la cual el farmacéutico se vincula con el paciente (y/o cuidador) y el resto de profesionales sanitarios, para aten-der a este en función de sus necesidades, planteando las estrategias para alinear y alcanzar los objetivos a corto y medio/largo plazo en relación a la farmacoterapia e incorporando las nuevas tecnologías y medios disponibles para llevar a cabo una interacción continuada con el mismo, con el fin de mejorar los resultados en salud". Se han identificado 27 elementos clave, distribuidos entre los tres pilares del modelo, para desarrollar esta actividad. CONCLUSIONES: Se ha consensuado una nueva definición de atención farmacéutica que permitirá reenfocar esta actividad profesional y avanzar desde el trabajo multidisciplinar hacia el enfoque longitudinal y multidimensional del paciente

OBJECTIVE: To propose an updated definition of Pharmaceutical Care based on the Capacity-Motivation-Opportunity (CMO) model and on the key elements and optimal activities for its development that guarantee the highest levels of quality and excellence in this professional activity. METHOD: The consensus was developed by a working group composed of members of the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy and other pharmacists from different healthcare fields. A literature review of PubMed was conducted of the available scientific evidence on pharmaceutical healthcare models and activities with the greatest impact and ease of implementation. A working definition was developed and the initiatives chosen as key elements were collected and included in each pillar of the proposed model. After creating an initial list of activities and terms, the working group reviewed it and made corrections or proposed new activities. In addition, the definitions of the three key elements of the CMO model were agreed upon: Capacity-Motivation-Opportunity. In order to incorporate all appropriate suggestions and contributions before finalizing the consensus, the final draft was sent to the different scientific, pharmaceutical, and medical societies as well as patient associations with which the Spanish Society of Hospital Pharmacy has a collaboration agreement. RESULTS: The definition of consensual Pharmaceutical Care was "Any professional activity by which the pharmacist is linked to the patient (and/or caregiver) and other healthcare professionals, to attend to the patient ac-cording to their needs, setting out strategies to align and achieve the short- and medium-/long-term objectives of pharmacotherapy and incorporating new technologies and the means available to continuously interact with the patients in order to improve their health outcomes". In addition, agreement was reached on the definitions of the three key elements of the CMO model. Finally, 27 key elements for the development of pharmaceutical activity were identified and included in the three pillars of the model. CONCLUSIONS: A new definition of Pharmaceutical Care has been agreed upon that refocuses this professional activity, allowing us to advance within the multidisciplinary working approach toward a longitudinal and multidimensional approach to the patient